CivilGang

What is a Gravel Calculator (Bags)? A gravel calculator for bags is a web-based tool that helps users calculate the total weight of gravel based on the number of bags and the weight per bag. It's commonly used for estimating the amount of gravel needed for landscaping and construction … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Mix Calculator (Sand, Gravel, Cement)? A concrete mix calculator for sand, gravel, and cement is a web-based tool that allows users to calculate the total volume of a concrete mix based on the specified proportions of sand, gravel, and cement. This is useful for preparing … [Read more...]

What is a Square Feet to Yard Calculator? A square feet to yard calculator is a web-based tool that simplifies the conversion of area measurements from square feet to square yards. It provides an accurate and straightforward way to calculate areas, particularly when larger units are more … [Read more...]

What is a Pitch to Degree Calculator? A pitch to degree calculator is a web-based tool that helps users convert a pitch value (rise over run) into degrees. This conversion is commonly used in construction and engineering for measuring slopes, inclines, and angles. Why Use a Pitch to Degree … [Read more...]

What is a Weight Calculator for Round Bar? A "Weight Calculator for Round Bar" is a tool used to estimate the weight of a round bar (cylindrical bar) based on its diameter, length, and the material it's made of. It calculates the weight in pounds or other units based on user input. Why use … [Read more...]

What is a Yard Calculator for Sand? A yard calculator for sand is a web-based tool that helps users estimate the quantity of sand needed in cubic yards for a specific area. It takes into account the dimensions (length, width, and depth) of the area to calculate the volume of sand … [Read more...]

What is a How Many Floor Joists Do I Need Calculator? A "How Many Floor Joists Do I Need Calculator" is a web-based tool used to determine the quantity and spacing of floor joists required for a specific flooring project. It takes into account factors such as the dimensions of the floor, the … [Read more...]

How Many Bundles of Shingles for a 10x12 Shed? When it comes to building a shed, one of the critical aspects to consider is the roofing. A well-constructed roof not only protects the shed's contents but also enhances its aesthetic appeal. Shingles are a popular choice for shed roofing due to their … [Read more...]

What is a Modified Stone Calculator? A modified stone calculator is a web-based tool that helps users calculate the weight of modified stone (commonly used in construction) based on its length, width, depth, and density. Modified stone is a type of aggregate material used in various … [Read more...]

What is an I-Beam Capacity Calculator? An I-beam capacity calculator estimates the maximum load that an I-beam can support based on parameters such as length, width, depth, flange width, flange depth, and applied load. Why use an I-Beam Capacity Calculator? I-Beam … [Read more...]

What is a Pea Gravel Cost Calculator? A Pea Gravel Cost Calculator is a web-based tool used to estimate the cost of purchasing a specific quantity of pea gravel for a project. It considers factors such as the volume of pea gravel required, the price per ton or cubic yard, and any additional … [Read more...]

What is a Sand for Pavers Calculator? A Sand for Pavers Calculator is a web-based tool used to estimate the quantity of sand required for the installation of pavers. It takes into account factors such as the dimensions of the paved area, the type of sand (bedding sand or joint sand), and the … [Read more...]

What is a Cinder Block Building Calculator? A Cinder Block Building Calculator is a web-based tool used to estimate the number of cinder blocks required to construct a building or wall. It takes into account factors such as the building dimensions, the size and quantity of cinder blocks, and … [Read more...]

What is a Gravel Tonnage Calculator? A Gravel Tonnage Calculator is a web-based tool used to estimate the weight or tonnage of gravel required for a specific project or area. It takes into account factors such as the dimensions of the area to be filled with gravel (length, width, and depth), … [Read more...]

How Much Does a Cubic Ft of Sand Weigh? The type of the rock, whether the sand is loose and dense, compactness, content of moisture, the condition of the sand whether it is dry and wet, whether the sand is river sand, beach sand or washed sand the presence of other inorganics in the sand these all … [Read more...]

What is a Beam Capacity Calculator? A beam capacity calculator estimates the maximum load that a beam can support based on parameters such as beam length, width, depth, applied load, and material properties. Why use a Beam Capacity Calculator? Beam Capacity … [Read more...]

What is a How Many Bags of Concrete Do I Need Calculator? A "How Many Bags of Concrete Do I Need Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the number of bags of concrete mix required for a specific project. It considers the project's dimensions (length, width, depth), desired concrete thickness, … [Read more...]

What is a Steel Calculator for Roof? A Steel Calculator for Roof is a web-based tool used to estimate the quantity of steel materials required for constructing the framework or structure of a roof. It takes into account factors such as the roof dimensions, the type of steel members (beams, … [Read more...]

What is a Metric Thread Pitch Calculator? A metric thread pitch calculator is a web-based tool that helps users determine the pitch of a metric thread, which is the distance between adjacent threads, based on the thread diameter and the number of threads per millimeter. It's commonly used in … [Read more...]

What Is a 8 on 12 Roof Pitch – 8/12 Roof Pitch? When it comes to roofing, understanding the pitch or slope of your roof is crucial. One commonly encountered pitch is the 8/12 roof pitch, which can be found in various architectural designs. Understanding the 8/12 roof pitch is essential for … [Read more...]

What is a Crushed Concrete Calculator (Tons)? A crushed concrete calculator in tons is a web-based tool designed to help users estimate the quantity of crushed concrete required for a specific area based on the area's dimensions (length, width) and the desired depth of the crushed concrete, with … [Read more...]

What is a Flat Roof Load Calculator? A flat roof load calculator estimates the maximum load that a flat roof can support based on the total roof area, material strength, and additional loads. Why use a Flat Roof Load Calculator? Flat Roof Load Calculator … [Read more...]

What is a Bags of Concrete Calculator? A "Bags of Concrete Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the number of bags of concrete mix needed for a specific project. It considers the project's dimensions, desired concrete thickness, and the size of the bags of concrete mix. Why is a Bags of … [Read more...]

Interior Paint Colors That Go with Red Brick It may appear outdated to use red brick like this but this is not, it’s still used in fireplaces. You can use bricks inside your house and it will not look outdated if you follow some advice. You need to find out which interior color goes well with … [Read more...]

What Is a Flat Roof? A flat roof is a type of roofing design that, as the name indicates, has a fairly low pitch or slope, often seeming almost horizontal. Here we provide some important details about flat roofs- Construction Materials The flat roofs can be constructed using different types of … [Read more...]

Best Concrete Mix For Footings The concrete mix for foundations, specifically the footing concrete ratio, is one of the important parts of any structure. The structure is built on top, so they are not strong enough to support the load. It an important to ensure the concrete mix is right for … [Read more...]

Gable Roof Peaked roofs or pitched roofs are the other names of a gable roof. For a gable roof, it will have two sloping sides which will meet at the peak end of the roof or the ridge portion. For most of the building types which will include residential homes, garages as well and barns gable … [Read more...]

What is a How Many Retaining Wall Blocks Do I Need Calculator? A "How Many Retaining Wall Blocks Do I Need Calculator" is a tool that helps estimate the number of retaining wall blocks required for a landscaping or construction project based on the wall's dimensions and the size of the … [Read more...]

What is a Structural Load Calculator? A structural load calculator is a tool used to estimate the various loads acting on a structure, including dead loads (permanent), live loads (temporary), and environmental loads (wind, snow). It helps ensure that the structure can safely support these … [Read more...]

Parts of a Toilet: with Parts of Toilet Seat and Tank The modern toilet is an essential fixture in every household, providing comfort and convenience that we often take for granted. While most of us are familiar with its basic structure, the intricate components that make up a toilet’s … [Read more...]

How Much Does a Bag of Mulch Weigh? The weight of a bag of mulch can vary depending on several factors, including the type of mulch, moisture content, and manufacturer's packaging specifications. As a general range, a bag of mulch typically weighs between 20 to 50 pounds (9 to 23 … [Read more...]

Acacia Wood Outdoor Furniture Pros & Cons Acacia wood is a great outdoor furniture material. It’s durable, resistant to the elements, easy to maintain, and looks great. And since it’s readily available worldwide, it doesn’t cost a fortune as some other exotic furniture woods do. A big … [Read more...]

What is a Rise and Run Calculator for a Roof? A Rise and Run Calculator for a Roof is a tool that calculates the rise and run of a roof based on its pitch ratio. The "rise" is the vertical height, and the "run" is the horizontal distance of the roof. Why is a Rise and Run Calculator for a … [Read more...]

What is a Building Weight Calculator? A building weight calculator is a tool that estimates the total weight of a building based on parameters such as floor area, floor height, and assumed weight per square foot. It helps engineers and architects in structural analysis, foundation design, and … [Read more...]

How to Repair a Frost-Free Yard Hydrant? A frost-free yard hydrant is a valuable addition to any property, providing convenient access to water for irrigation, gardening, and other outdoor needs. However, like any mechanical device, it may require occasional repairs due to wear and tear or other … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Weight Load Calculator? A concrete weight load calculator is a tool used to estimate the load-bearing capacity of a concrete structure based on factors such as concrete strength, dimensions, and applied loads. It helps ensure that the concrete elements can safely support … [Read more...]

What is a Sack Concrete Calculator? A "Sack Concrete Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the quantity of concrete bags (often referred to as "sacks") needed for a project. It calculates the number of bags required based on the area's dimensions, the desired concrete depth, and the number … [Read more...]

What is a Beam Load Capacity Calculator? A beam load capacity calculator is a tool used in structural engineering to estimate the maximum load that a beam can safely support. It typically considers factors such as beam type, dimensions, material properties, and applied loads. Why use a … [Read more...]

What is a Rebar Chair Calculator? A Rebar Chair Calculator is used to calculate the number and type of rebar chairs or supports required to maintain the proper spacing and elevation of rebar in concrete construction. Why is a Rebar Chair Calculator Used? Rebar chairs are essential in … [Read more...]

What is a Beam Analysis Calculator? A beam analysis calculator is a tool used in structural engineering to assess the behavior of a beam under given loads. It calculates parameters such as deflection, bending moment, and shear forces to ensure that the beam meets design requirements. Why … [Read more...]

What is a Floor Load Capacity Calculator? A Floor Load Capacity Calculator is a tool used to estimate the total load-bearing capacity of a floor based on its dimensions, material, and the applied load. Why use a Floor Load Capacity Calculator? Floor Load Capacity … [Read more...]

What is an I-Joist Span Calculator? An "I-Joist Span Calculator" is a tool used to determine the maximum span or length that engineered I-joists can safely cover between supports. It calculates the allowable span based on the depth of the I-joist, the joist spacing (on center), and the grade … [Read more...]

Introduction of Modern Front Door Ideas Similar to a business card, the front entrance ideas people see when they visit your home is the door, which showcases the modern door design. They shouldn't be overly ornate, but they should be lovely. Who would want to enter a building with such a dreary … [Read more...]

What is a Wood Beam Sizing Calculator? A wood beam sizing calculator is a tool used to estimate the required size or dimensions for wooden beams based on factors such as the type of wood, beam span, and the expected load. Why is a Wood Beam Sizing Calculator Used? This calculator is used to … [Read more...]

What is a Load Weight Calculator? A Load Weight Calculator is a tool used to calculate the total weight of a load by summing the weights of individual items or components. Why use a Load Weight Calculator? Load Weight Calculator Item 1 Weight (in … [Read more...]

How to Remove Texture from Walls? Texturing is an old-fashioned of adding interest to a wall. One o the longest-standing ways of covering up imperfection or adding some extra character to walls is to add a textured finish. A method these days, textured walls can steel often be seen in older … [Read more...]

What is a Wooden Beam Span Calculator? A wooden beam span calculator is a tool used to estimate the maximum span or length for wooden beams based on factors such as the type of wood, beam dimensions, beam spacing, and the expected load. Why is a Wooden Beam Span Calculator Used? This … [Read more...]

What is a Structural Calculator? A structural calculator is a tool used in engineering to perform calculations related to structural analysis, design, and other engineering computations. It can cover a wide range of calculations depending on the specific needs of the user, such as beam … [Read more...]

How Many Tons in a Yard of Stone? The world of construction and landscaping often involves intricate measurements and conversions to ensure that projects are completed accurately and efficiently. One common question that arises is: "How many tons are in a yard of stone?" This seemingly simple … [Read more...]

Porch flooring Whether you're starting from scratch or giving an existing porch a facelift, flooring is a crucial consideration. There is no shortage of porch flooring designs, but you should give careful consideration before making a final decision. A porch needs to be both comfortable … [Read more...]

What is an I-Beam Load Calculator? An I-beam load calculator is a tool used in structural engineering to estimate the stress or load-carrying capacity of an I-beam based on factors such as its dimensions, material properties, and applied loads. Why use an I-Beam Load Calculator … [Read more...]

What is a Crushed Concrete Driveway Calculator? A crushed concrete driveway calculator is a web-based tool that helps users estimate the amount of crushed concrete needed to construct or resurface a driveway. It takes into account the dimensions (length, width, and depth) of the driveway to … [Read more...]

What is a stairs concrete calculator? A stairs concrete calculator is a tool used to estimate the amount of concrete required for building a staircase. It takes into account factors such as the number of steps, the width of each step, and the height of each step to calculate the volume of … [Read more...]

What is a How Many Bags of Concrete Calculator? A "How Many Bags of Concrete Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the number of bags of concrete mix required to fill a specific area or volume. It simplifies material planning for concrete projects. Why is a How Many Bags of Concrete … [Read more...]

  Can You Attach Wood Fence Panels to Metal Posts? People generally use wood fences, metal fence panels, or aluminum fence panels. Many prefer wood fences because they are ‘privacy fence screens’, they give you the privacy you need. On the other hand, most metal fences used are … [Read more...]

What is a Cutting Length Calculator? A cutting length calculator is a web-based tool that helps users calculate the total cutting length of cylindrical pieces (e.g., bars or pipes) based on their diameter and the number of pieces. This is commonly used in manufacturing, construction, and … [Read more...]

What is a Yard of Concrete Calculator? A "Yard of Concrete Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the quantity of concrete required for a specific project in cubic yards. It calculates the concrete volume based on the dimensions of the project (length, width, and depth). Why use a Yard of … [Read more...]

Trex vs Azek Trex and Azek both brands have their benefits to well as drawbacks. The Trex and Azek are deciding which to help your decking is the best choice. The Trex and the Azek composite decked the products in real life in the past compared to a product and a Trex vs. Azek decking. The … [Read more...]

What is a Roof Load Capacity Calculator? A "Roof Load Capacity Calculator" is a tool that helps estimate the maximum load that a roof can support, taking into account factors such as snow load, wind load, and the type of roof structure (e.g., gable, hip, flat). Why use a Roof Load Capacity … [Read more...]

What is a Bridge Beam Size Calculator? A bridge beam size calculator is a tool used in structural engineering to estimate the required size of a bridge beam based on factors such as span length, applied load, and material strength. It helps in designing bridge beams that can safely support … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Calculator (50 lb Bags)? A concrete calculator using 50 lb bags is a tool that helps you estimate the number of 50 lb bags of concrete mix needed for a specific project. This is often used in smaller projects, repairs, or for DIY purposes. Why is a Concrete Calculator … [Read more...]

Master Bedroom Design Tips The primary bedroom in the living room is for the guests, but the primary bedroom is for your design. They are necessary to make the main bedroom design that reflects personality. And The Master bedroom personality in the room design is to envision a theme for the … [Read more...]

What is a Load Capacity Calculator? A "Load Capacity Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the maximum load that a structure or component can safely support based on material properties, dimensions, and applied loads. It is commonly used in engineering and construction to ensure structural … [Read more...]

Can Concrete Countertops Be Painted? For construction such as quartz, marble, or granite nowadays concrete countertops also become popular as real stone. The concrete countertops provide our home with a modern and beautiful look and also provide a variety of designs and styles for the … [Read more...]

What is a Sand Depth Calculator? A "Sand Depth Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the depth of sand required to cover a specific area. It calculates the sand depth based on the area's dimensions and the desired volume of sand. Why use a Sand Depth Calculator? Using this calculator … [Read more...]

How Much Space Do You Need Around a Dining Table? You will move an average of 36 inches of place over a dining table on the whole border with chairs and evaluate the area in your table's direction and different walls or surfaces. Three feet offer sufficient chamber for everyone to hint … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Calculator (80 lb Bags)? A concrete calculator using 80 lb bags is a tool that helps you estimate the number of 80 lb bags of concrete mix needed for a specific project, such as pouring a concrete slab or making concrete repairs. Why is a Concrete Calculator (80 lb Bags) … [Read more...]

What is a Steel I-Beam Load Capacity Calculator? A "Steel I-Beam Load Capacity Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the maximum load-carrying capacity of a steel I-beam based on its span length and section properties. It calculates the total load capacity to assess whether the I-beam is … [Read more...]

What is a Yards Gravel Calculator? A Yards Gravel Calculator is a tool used to estimate the quantity of gravel needed for a specific project or area in cubic yards. It takes into account the length, width, and desired depth of the area to be covered with gravel. Why Use a Yards Gravel … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Calculator by Square Foot? A concrete calculator by square foot is a tool used to estimate the amount of concrete needed for a project based on the square footage of the area to be covered. It calculates the volume of concrete required, taking into account the thickness of … [Read more...]

What is an L Bracket Weight Calculator? An "L Bracket Weight Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the weight of an L-shaped bracket based on its dimensions (leg lengths and thickness) and material properties (e.g., steel or aluminum). It calculates the weight of the L bracket using the … [Read more...]

How To Clean Interior Concrete Walls? Concrete is an excellent construction material that has been used all over the globe for many centuries. It is sturdy, long-lasting, inexpensive, simple to work with, and simple to clean up after use. Concrete may be made by combining water, cement, … [Read more...]

How To Waterproof Plywood? Plywood is a great building material, but only some sheets are equal. All sorts of applications with the building materials. One of the most used is plywood materials because they can use them in various ways, and indoor projects to outdoor ones are inexpensive. A … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Load Capacity Calculator? A concrete load capacity calculator is a tool used in structural engineering to estimate the load-carrying capacity of a concrete slab. It considers factors such as slab dimensions, thickness, and concrete strength to determine the maximum load the … [Read more...]

What Is a Door Rough Opening? A framed opening is referred to a rough door opening that must be fit into properly and has a size the same as that of the door itself. A rough opening is a measurement that shows the required space around a door if you get the rough door opening size perfect at … [Read more...]

What is a Gravel Calculator for Driveway? A Gravel Calculator for Driveway is a tool that estimates the amount of gravel required to cover or resurface a driveway. It considers the dimensions of the driveway, the desired gravel depth, and the estimated coverage area per ton of gravel. Why … [Read more...]

What is a Rebar Cost Calculator? A rebar cost calculator is a tool used to estimate the cost of reinforcing bars (rebar) needed for a construction project. It takes into account factors such as the quantity of rebar, unit price, and any additional costs. This calculator is crucial for … [Read more...]

What is a Landscape Rock Calculator (Square Feet)? A "Landscape Rock Calculator (Square Feet)" is a tool used to estimate the quantity of landscape rocks or decorative stones needed to cover a specific area in square feet. It calculates the rock quantity based on the dimensions (length, … [Read more...]

What is a 3/12 Pitch Calculator? A 3/12 Pitch Calculator is a tool used to calculate the pitch or slope of a roof represented as a ratio. It determines how many inches the roof rises for every 12 inches of horizontal run. Why is a 3/12 Pitch Calculator Used? This calculator is used in … [Read more...]

Should A Detached Garage Be Insulated? A detached garage should be insulated for a number of reasons. First and foremost, insulation helps to keep the temperature inside the garage consistent, which can be particularly important if the garage is used for storage or as a workshop. In … [Read more...]

What is a Dead Weight Calculator? A dead weight calculator estimates the static or constant weight of an object based on its mass and the local gravitational acceleration. It is used to determine the weight of an object when no other forces (such as acceleration or deceleration) are acting on … [Read more...]

What is a Steel Structure Calculator? A steel structure calculator is a tool used in engineering to perform calculations related to steel structures. It can include calculations for various aspects such as weight, load-bearing capacity, member sizing, and more. Why use a Steel Structure … [Read more...]

Free Gazebo Plans A gazebo is a beautiful outdoor structure that adds elegance and functionality to any backyard or garden. It provides a cozy space for relaxation, entertaining guests, or enjoying the natural surroundings. While purchasing a pre-built gazebo can be expensive, there are numerous … [Read more...]

What is a Steel Tube Weight per Foot Calculator? A steel tube weight per foot calculator is a tool used to estimate the weight of a steel tube based on its dimensions, such as outer diameter and thickness. It is commonly used in construction, engineering, and manufacturing to determine the … [Read more...]

What is a Limestone Weight Calculator? A Limestone Weight Calculator is a tool used to estimate the weight of limestone based on its volume and density. It's useful for various construction and landscaping projects where limestone is used as a material. Why Use a Limestone Weight … [Read more...]

What is a Topsoil Calculator (Square Feet)? A Topsoil Calculator (Square Feet) is a tool used to estimate the amount of topsoil needed to cover a specific area in square feet. It calculates the volume of topsoil required based on the dimensions of the area and the desired depth. Why is a … [Read more...]

Do Fence Post Anchors Work? A fence can be supported with the help of fence post anchors without the need for holes to be formed or concrete not required to be poured. Fence anchors are quite simple to be used. Each anchor will have two parts, consisting of a sleeve and a spike. The spike will … [Read more...]

Dimensions of Cinder Block The dimension of cinder blocks vary with size and they are also called concrete blocks, which are widely used construction materials. They construct in different dimensions, which determine their utility and utility. Below we provide some common types of cinder block … [Read more...]

What is a Maximum Load Calculator? A maximum load calculator estimates the maximum load-carrying capacity of a structure or component based on factors such as material strength, component area, and applied loads. It helps ensure that the structure can safely support the maximum expected … [Read more...]

What is a Concrete Curing Time Calculator? A concrete curing time calculator is a tool used to estimate the time required for concrete to cure based on specific conditions. It takes into account factors such as the type of concrete, curing method, and environmental conditions. This … [Read more...]

What is a Quikrete Cubic Feet Calculator? A "Quikrete Cubic Feet Calculator" is a tool used to estimate the quantity of Quikrete concrete mix needed for a project based on the desired cubic feet of concrete. Quikrete is a brand of pre-mixed concrete mix. Why use a Quikrete Cubic Feet … [Read more...]

Does Concrete Resurfacing Last? Concrete is one of the best materials for construction purposes in any country in the world. Concrete is generally a versatile material, and it is easy to work with. It is also very cheap, that’s why it is widely used all over the world. Generally, concrete is … [Read more...]

What is a Steel Beam Weight Calculator? A Steel Beam Weight Calculator is a tool used to estimate the weight of a steel beam based on its dimensions (width, height, length) and the type of steel used (e.g., standard steel, stainless steel, or aluminum). Why is a Steel Beam Weight Calculator … [Read more...]

15 Free Shed Plans That Will Help You Build a Shed 6* 4 Simple Storage Shed If one is looking for a fast-to-build storage shed this storage shed having one door and a small window can be a good option for them. A skid-type foundation having a single door or window mounted on it will make a … [Read more...]

What is an I-Beam Weight per Foot Calculator? An I-Beam Weight per Foot Calculator is a tool used to estimate the weight of an I-beam per linear foot. I-beams are commonly used in construction, and knowing their weight per foot is crucial for structural design and load-bearing … [Read more...]

What is a Flat Roof Weight Calculator? A flat roof weight calculator estimates the total load that a flat roof structure can support. It considers factors such as the material used for the roof, dead load (permanent load), and live load (temporary load). Why use a Flat Roof Weight … [Read more...]

What is a Patio Base Calculator? A "Patio Base Calculator" is a tool used for estimating the amount of gravel and sand required to create the base for a patio. It considers the dimensions of the patio and the desired base depth. Why Use a Patio Base Calculator? … [Read more...]

What is a 2B Stone Calculator? A 2B stone calculator is a tool used to estimate the quantity of 2B stones needed for a construction or landscaping project. It considers the dimensions of the area to be covered with 2B stones, including length, width, and depth, and helps in determining the … [Read more...]

Cost to Paint Brick Is it ever considered by you to paint brick house or fireplace white? If considered or seen somewhere then it should be known that it is a marvelous way of reviving up and making your home modern without any kind of loss in the beauty of your bricks. While it should be … [Read more...]

What is a Purlin Size Calculator? A purlin size calculator is a tool used to estimate the required size or dimensions for purlins, which are horizontal members in a roofing system. The calculator takes into account factors such as the roof span, total roof load, and the material of the … [Read more...]